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* telaino trappola (sfruttando la predilezione per le celle da fuco)
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== Preventive measures and treatment ==
Varroa mites can be treated with commercially-available [[miticide]]s.
Miticides must be applied strictly according to the label in order to minimize the contamination of [[honey]] that might be consumed by humans.
Proper use of miticides will also help to slow the development of resistance among the mites.
Varroa mites can also be controlled through non-chemical means. Most of these controls are intended to reduce the mite population to a manageable level, not to eliminate the mites completely.
* Many beekeepers use a '''screened bottom board''' on their hives. When mites occasionally fall off a bee, they must climb back up to parasitize a new bee. If the beehive has a screened floor with mesh the right size, the mite will fall through and can not return to the beehive. The screened bottom board is also being credited with increased circulation of air which reduces condensation in a hive during the winter. (Studies at [[Cornell University]] done over several years found that screened bottoms have no measureable effect at all. [http://www.masterbeekeeper.org/pdf/ne2.pdf Northeast Beekeeper] Vol 1 #1 Jan 2004)
* '''Powdered sugar''' (Dowda Method), talc or other "safe" powders with a grain size between 5 and 15 micrometres can be sprinkled on the bees. The powder does not harm the bees (and, if you use sugar, can even become a small source of feed), but does interfere with the mite's ability to maintain its hold on the bee. It is also believed to increase the bees' grooming behavior. This causes a certain percentage of mites to become dislodged. Powdered sugar works best as an amplifier of the effects of a screened bottom board.
* '''Freezing drone brood''' takes advantage of varroa mites' preference for longer living [[drone (bee)|drone]] brood. The beekeeper will put a frame in the hive that is sized to encourage the queen to lay primarily drone brood. Once the brood is capped, the beekeeper removes the frame and puts it in the freezer. This kills the varroa mites that are parasitizing those bees. It also kills the drone brood, but most hives produce an excess of drone bees so it is not generally considered a loss. After freezing, the frame can be returned to the hive. The nurse bees will clean out the dead brood (and dead mites) and the cycle continues.
** '''Drone brood excision''' is a variation applicable to [[top bar hive]]s. Honeybees tend to place comb suitable for drone brood along the bottom and outer margins of the comb. Cutting this off at a late stage of development ("purple eye stage") and discarding it reduces the mite load on the colony. It also allows for inspection and counting of varroa on the brood.
* '''Small cell''' foundation (4.9 mm across - about 0.5 mm smaller than standard) is believed to limit the space in each cell that varroa mites have in which to inhabit and also to enhance the difference in size between worker and drone brood with the intention of making the drone comb traps more effective in trapping varroa mites. Small cell foundation has staunch advocates though controlled studies have been generally inconclusive.
* The '''Konya''' revolving or rotating hive design is a patented invention of [http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/rotating_broodnest.htm Lajos Konya], a beekeeper in Otteveny, Hungary. The hive has a cylindrical brood chamber, circular frames and an apparatus to rotate the frames according to a specific schedule. The rotation is believed to disrupt the varroa mite reproduction cycle with this rotation thereby reducing [[fecundity]] of the parasite.
Several attempts have been made (and are continuing) to breed bees with an increased "resistance" to varroa mites. In fact, the [[Africanized honeybee]] was originally an experiment to [[hybrid|cross-breed]] mite resistance into the [[Western honeybee|European honeybee]]s common in the Americas.
==References==
#{{note|}} D. Anderson & J. W. H. Trueman (2000). "''Varroa jacobsoni'' (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species." ''Experimental & Applied Acarology'', 24, 165-189.
#{{note|}}[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/acarology/saas/saasp/pdf10/saasp05b.pdf Notes on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) parasitic on honeybees in New Zealand] ZHI-QIANG ZHANG, Systematic & Applied Acarology Special Publications (2000) 5, 9-14
#{{note|}}* [http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Disorders/guest.htm Varroa destructor: Revolution in the Making] Keith S. Delaplane, [[University of Georgia]]; [[Bee World]]; 2001; 82(4): 157-159
*[http://www.csl.gov.uk/science/organ/environ/bee/factsheets/managing_varroa.pdf Managing varroa] Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1996
Kevan, P., et al. 1990 Association of Varroa jacobsoni with organisms other than honeybees and implications for its dispersal. Bee World 71: 3, 119-121.
*[http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/apiculture/factsheets/221_varroa.htm Tracheal and Varroa Mite Controls] Apiculture Factsheet #221, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Government of [[British Columbia]]; April 2004
*[http://www.honeycouncil.ca/users/folder.asp?FolderID=1157| Essential Oils for Varroa Control] Botanicals For Mite Control, Canadian Honey Council, 3/16/2003
== External links ==
* [http://www.bushfarms.com/beesnaturalcell.htm Natural Cell Size for Varroa Control]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Organicbeekeepers Small Cell Beekeepers Group]
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[[Categoria:Apicoltura]]
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